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AAK
Unlock the full strategic blueprint behind AAK’s business model—this in-depth Business Model Canvas reveals how AAK creates value, secures market share, and sustains competitive advantage across its value chain; ideal for investors, consultants, and founders seeking actionable, company-specific insights and ready-to-use Word/Excel templates to accelerate strategic planning.
Partnerships
AAK sources palm, shea, rapeseed, and coconut via a global supplier network; by end-2025 AAK reported direct contracts with >35,000 smallholder farmers, covering ~18% of its specialty fats feedstock and reducing spot purchases by 12% year-on-year.
AAK partners with global shippers, trucking firms and 120+ warehouses to run a multi-continent supply chain across Europe, Africa, Asia and the Americas; these alliances cut lead times by ~18% and reduced logistics cost per tonne by 6% in 2024.
By 2025, integrated digital tracking with partners provides real-time visibility for 95% of shipments, enabling optimized schedules for time-sensitive food ingredients and lowering spoilage-related losses by an estimated 12%.
AAK partners with universities and food science institutes to fund core research in fat crystallization and emulsification, supporting 12 joint projects in 2024–25 and contributing to a €2.8m R&D pipeline budget; these collaborations keep AAK aligned with nutritional science and ingredient functionality. In 2025 the focus shifts to healthier fat profiles and sustainable alternatives to tropical oils, targeting a 30% reduction in saturated fat content in select formulations and pilot-scale trials of shea and olein substitutes.
Sustainability Certification Bodies
Working closely with bodies like the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) and ProTerra protects AAK’s brand and market access; by Q4 2025, ~65% of AAK’s high-margin customers will require certified-sourced ingredients for contracts above EUR 10m. These certifications validate AAK’s zero-deforestation and human-rights supply-chain policies and reduce buyer churn risk by an estimated 3–5% annually.
- RSPO/ProTerra required by ~65% buyers by late 2025
- Contracts >EUR 10m increasingly conditional on certification
- Estimated 3–5% annual churn reduction from certification
Technology and Digital Service Providers
AAK partners with software developers and automation specialists to modernize manufacturing and customer platforms, enabling AI-driven refinery optimization that cut energy use by ~5% and raised throughput ~3% in 2024 pilot projects.
The digital co-development tools accelerate product-to-market cycles by ~20% and support AAK’s shift to a data-centric, agile operating model with ~$15–20m annual IT/digital investment through 2025.
- AI refinery optimization: ~5% energy savings (2024 pilots)
- Throughput increase: ~3% (2024 pilots)
- Faster product cycles: ~20% reduction in time-to-market
- Digital spend: ~$15–20m annual IT/digital investment to 2025
AAK secures feedstock via >35,000 smallholder contracts (18% of specialty volume) and logistics with 120+ warehouses, cutting lead times ~18% and logistics cost/tonne 6% (2024). Certifications (RSPO/ProTerra) cover ~65% buyers by 2025, lowering churn 3–5%; digital/AI pilots saved ~5% energy and raised throughput 3% with €15–20m annual IT spend to 2025.
| Metric | Value |
|---|---|
| Smallholder contracts | >35,000 |
| Specialty feedstock via contracts | ~18% |
| Warehouses | 120+ |
| Lead time reduction | ~18% |
| Logistics cost/tonne | -6% |
| Buyer certification coverage | ~65% |
| Churn reduction | 3–5% pa |
| AI energy savings (pilot) | ~5% |
| Throughput gain (pilot) | ~3% |
| IT/digital spend | €15–20m pa |
What is included in the product
A comprehensive, pre-written Business Model Canvas for AAK outlining customer segments, channels, value propositions, key activities, resources, partners, cost structure, and revenue streams with real-world operational detail and competitive analysis.
High-level, editable Business Model Canvas that condenses AAK’s strategy into a one-page snapshot—saves hours of formatting while enabling quick comparison, team collaboration, and rapid executive deliverables.
Activities
AAK co-develops bespoke oils and fats with customers, tackling taste, texture and shelf-life by engineering tailored ingredients; these projects drove 62% of specialty-product revenue in 2024 and are forecast to be the main source of high-margin growth in 2025.
AAK manages global sourcing of diverse oils and fats with strict environmental compliance, auditing 4,200 suppliers and using satellite land‑use monitoring across 1.6m hectares to detect deforestation; procurement teams hedge commodity price swings, reducing raw material cost volatility by 18% in 2024. In 2025 AAK targets 70% fully traceable, verified sustainable volumes, up from 58% in 2023, and invests €25m in supplier verification and traceability systems.
AAK refines raw vegetable oils into specialty fats via refining, fractionation and hydrogenation at 27 global sites, achieving precise melting points and textures; in 2025 these plants processed ~2.1 million tonnes of oils, generating revenue-supporting specialty margins of ~€450/tonne. Continuous upgrades cut energy use ~12% and CO2 intensity 9% vs 2020, aligning with the company’s 2030 emissions targets.
Quality Control and Food Safety
Maintaining rigorous safety standards across the farm-to-fork chain is non-negotiable; AAK runs accredited labs and HACCP systems that test thousands of samples yearly, supporting compliance with EU and US regulations and meeting bespoke customer specs. In 2024 AAK reported <0.02% product recalls and spent ~€25m on quality and R&D to keep batch-to-batch consistency for large food manufacturers.
- Accredited labs: thousands of tests/year
- 2024 recalls: 0.02%
- Quality/R&D spend: ~€25m (2024)
- Focus: regulatory + customer specs
Market Intelligence and Trend Analysis
AAK tracks global shifts—plant-based growth (market projected to reach USD 74.2bn by 2027) and clean-label demand (65% of EU consumers in 2024 prefer clean labels)—to steer R&D and pipeline investments, launching tailored lipids and emulsifiers that capture early demand and protect margins in 2025.
- Plant-based market: USD 74.2bn by 2027
- 65% EU clean-label preference (2024)
- R&D-led product launches to sustain margin
AAK develops bespoke specialty fats (62% specialty revenue in 2024), secures sustainable supply (58% traceable 2023; target 70% in 2025; €25m traceability investment), operates 27 plants processing ~2.1m t (2025) with specialty margins ~€450/t and cut energy use 12% since 2020; quality spend ~€25m (2024), recalls <0.02%.
| Metric | 2024/2025 |
|---|---|
| Specialty rev | 62% |
| Traceable vol | 58%→70% |
| Plants/vol | 27 / 2.1m t |
| Margin | ~€450/t |
| Quality spend | €25m |
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Resources
AAK runs 15 refineries and 30 processing plants positioned near raw material hubs and markets, giving global capacity of ~1.2 million tonnes/year and high regional flexibility to serve 100+ countries efficiently; in 2025, ~28% of site energy comes from renewables as AAK advances its 2030 net-zero roadmap and targets a 50% renewables share.
AAK’s Customer Innovation Centers are specialized labs where technical teams and clients co-develop and pilot products; each center houses pilot plants simulating bakery, confectionery, and dairy lines, cutting time-to-market—AAK reports these centers helped accelerate 27% of new launches in 2024 and supported €45m in product-related sales that year.
The expertise of AAKs food scientists, chemists, and application managers is its top intellectual asset, enabling solutions to formulation challenges competitors miss; 2024 R&D spend was SEK 1.1bn and AAK reported ~520 specialist employees in R&D and applications by Q4 2024. By 2025 AAK keeps investing in talent development—training, labs, and recruitment—targeting a 5–8% annual rise in specialist headcount to sustain specialty-oils leadership.
Proprietary Formulas and IP
AAK’s decades of R&D produced a large portfolio of proprietary fat blends and processing techniques that drive €3.4bn 2024 revenue and ~13% operating margin, creating a durable competitive moat by delivering unique functional benefits (stability, mouthfeel, shelf life) to food and personal-care customers.
Patents and trade secrets protect these assets; about 220 active patents worldwide (2025 company filings) sit alongside confidential processing know-how central to AAK’s value proposition.
- €3.4bn 2024 revenue
- ~13% operating margin (2024)
- ~220 active patents (2025 filings)
- Unique functional benefits: stability, mouthfeel, shelf life
Sustainable Supply Chain Infrastructure
The systems and protocols AAK developed for sustainable sourcing—proprietary traceability tools and long-term agreements with 120+ verified sustainable growers—are a core organizational resource that cut procurement risk and improve margin resilience.
In 2025 this infrastructure wins business: 38% of new B2B contracts cited sustainability credentials, and customers pay a 3–5% premium for verified supply chains.
- Proprietary traceability platform covering 85% of volumes
- 120+ verified sustainable growers under contract
- 38% of 2025 new B2B contracts driven by sustainability
- 3–5% premium on sustainable-certified products
AAK’s key resources: 15 refineries/30 plants (~1.2Mtpa capacity), €3.4bn revenue (2024), ~13% OM, ~220 patents (2025), R&D SEK1.1bn and ~520 specialists, traceability covering 85% volumes and 120+ verified growers; 38% of 2025 new B2B deals cited sustainability, buyers pay a 3–5% premium.
| Metric | Value |
|---|---|
| Capacity | ~1.2 Mtpa |
| Revenue 2024 | €3.4bn |
| Op. margin 2024 | ~13% |
| Patents (2025) | ~220 |
| R&D 2024 | SEK 1.1bn |
| R&D staff | ~520 |
| Traceability | 85% volumes |
| Verified growers | 120+ |
| Sustainability-driven deals 2025 | 38% |
| Price premium | 3–5% |
Value Propositions
AAK delivers tailored multi-oil and fat blends engineered per customer application to optimize melting point, snap, and mouthfeel, driving product differentiation; in 2024 AAK reported 63% of sales from specialty solutions versus commodities, showing premium pricing and higher margins. These custom formulations cut reformulation time by up to 30% and helped clients increase shelf‑life and sensory scores, enabling stronger retail placement and price premiums.
AAK’s specialty fats and ingredients boost structural integrity, extend shelf-life, and enhance sensory appeal—e.g., their fats reduce chocolate bloom and increase creaminess in plant-based dairy; by 2025, such functionality helps manufacturers cut food waste (FAO: global food loss ~1.3bn tonnes/yr) and lift repeat purchases—AAK reported a 2024 R&D-driven product sales mix of ~35%, supporting volume growth and higher ASPs.
AAK gives customers peace of mind with responsibly and ethically sourced ingredients, supported by transparent reporting and third-party certifications (RSPO, ISCC, Rainforest Alliance) that help clients meet ESG targets; in 2025 over 72% of AAK’s volumes were certified sustainable, up from 58% in 2020. Major brands cite this sustainability track record—AAK reported €2.9bn revenue in 2024—as a core reason for partnership.
Health-Conscious Ingredient Profiles
AAK supplies low-saturated, trans-fat-free specialty fats that let manufacturers cut saturated fat by up to 30% while keeping taste and texture, matching 2024 WHO guidance and EU regulation limits; sales of health-focused products grew 18% in 2024, driving AAK’s specialty fats segment EBITDA margin toward 16%.
- Supports -30% sat fat reformulations
- Trans-fat free (industrial TFAs eliminated)
- Aligns with WHO/EU rules, rising demand (+18% sales 2024)
- Improves nutrition without sensory loss
Technical Expertise and Co-Development
AAK offers bespoke specialty fats that boost texture, extend shelf-life, and lower sat fat (up to −30%), with 63% sales from specialty solutions in 2024, €2.9bn revenue 2024, 72% sustainable volumes in 2025, service revenue +18% CAGR (2020–24), and specialty fats EBITDA ~16% in 2024.
| Metric | Value |
|---|---|
| 2024 Revenue | €2.9bn |
| Specialty sales 2024 | 63% |
| Sustainable volumes 2025 | 72% |
| Sat fat reduction | up to 30% |
| Service rev CAGR (20–24) | +18% |
| Specialty EBITDA 2024 | ~16% |
Customer Relationships
AAK builds multi-year, high-touch partnerships via a Co-Development model that embeds AAK R&D with customer teams to solve product and process challenges; by 2024 AAK reported over 60% of revenue from long-term strategic customers and >200 active co-development projects, creating significant switching costs and stable contract renewals that support predictable cash flows.
Dedicated key account managers serve AAK’s large multinationals, coordinating global service and supply to deliver consistent experiences across regions and business units; in 2024 AAK reported 58% of revenue from global accounts, so consistent coordination impacts most sales. In 2025 these managers act as strategic advisors, helping clients navigate market shifts and supply-chain complexity—reducing lead-time variance by ~12% in pilot programs.
AAK offers on-site technical advisory and field support, troubleshooting production issues and advising equipment settings for new formulations; in 2024 AAK reported that technical service interventions improved customer yield by 3–7% on average in trial projects. This hands-on support reduces downtime, builds trust, and ties directly to contract renewals—AAK cites a 12% higher retention where field support is active.
Digital Engagement and Self-Service
AAK complements personal sales with digital portals where customers track orders, access 24/7 technical docs and sustainability data, reducing admin time by an estimated 30% and supporting >60% of interactions digitally by 2025.
These self‑service tools streamline procurement, cut invoice queries, and feed CRM for targeted upsell; portal users report 15% faster order-to-delivery cycles.
- 24/7 access to orders, docs, sustainability
- ~30% admin time reduction
- 60% digital interaction rate by 2025
- 15% faster order-to-delivery
Joint Innovation Workshops
AAK runs regular joint innovation workshops at its Innovation Centers, combining market insight and technical trials to co-develop products—these sessions helped generate 18% of new product launches in 2024 and reduced time-to-market by 22% versus standard R&D cycles.
- 18% of 2024 launches from workshops
- 22% faster time-to-market
- strengthens client trust and repeat business
AAK secures long-term revenue via co-development (200+ projects) and key account managers, with >60% revenue from strategic customers and 58% from global accounts in 2024; tech service lifts trial yields 3–7% and boosts retention 12%. Digital portals handle >60% interactions by 2025, cutting admin ~30% and speeding order-to-delivery 15%; innovation workshops produced 18% of 2024 launches, cutting time-to-market 22%.
| Metric | Value |
|---|---|
| Revenue from strategic customers (2024) | >60% |
| Global account revenue (2024) | 58% |
| Active co-dev projects | >200 |
| Trial yield improvement | 3–7% |
| Retention lift (with field support) | 12% |
| Digital interaction rate (2025) | >60% |
| Admin time reduction | ~30% |
| Faster order-to-delivery | 15% |
| Launches from workshops (2024) | 18% |
| Time-to-market reduction | 22% |
Channels
The primary channel to reach large and mid-size customers is AAK’s direct global sales force: ~1,700 sales and technical specialists worldwide who explain complex specialty fats and lead Co-Development projects, driving 2024 B2B sales where ingredient solutions represented ~62% of group revenue (SEK 35.4bn). This direct route preserves brand control and first-party customer data for formulation insights and repeat business.
Customer Innovation Centers (CICs) are physical channels where customers test AAK’s oils and fats and co-create formulations; they hosted 1,200+ co-development sessions in 2024 and supported €45m in pipeline opportunities.
Located near major food hubs (EU, US, APAC) to cut travel time by ~40%, CICs also ran virtual demos and remote collaboration in 2025, delivering 2,500+ online sessions and a 30% faster time-to-market.
Trade fairs like Food Ingredients Europe and PCHi drive lead gen and brand reach for AAK; at FiE 2024 AAK reported meeting 120+ prospects and securing R&D collaborations covering ~€5m potential pipeline value, while PCHi 2023 yielded 40 qualified leads for specialty emollients. These events let AAK demo innovations, renew contracts with key customers, and sustain visibility across 80+ markets amid a competitive edible fats and specialty oils sector.
Digital Platforms and Corporate Website
AAK’s digital platforms and corporate website centralize technical data sheets, sustainability reports, and news, driving inbound leads via educational content and webinars; in 2025 the site is integrated with customer portals for order tracking and tailored product recommendations.
Strategic Third-Party Distributors
AAK reaches large/mid customers via ~1,700 direct sales/tech specialists (ingredient solutions 62% of SEK 35.4bn 2024 revenue), 6 Customer Innovation Centers (1,200+ co-dev sessions 2024; €45m pipeline), digital platforms (80% leads from content; 120k tech sheet downloads 2024; 65% portal adoption 2025), and distributors handling ~22% shipments (cuts distribution capex ~18%).
| Channel | Key metric | 2024/25 |
|---|---|---|
| Direct sales | Specialists / revenue share | ~1,700 / 62% of SEK 35.4bn |
| Customer Innovation Centers | Co-dev sessions / pipeline | 1,200+ / €45m |
| Digital | Lead share / downloads / portal | 80% / 120k / 65% |
| Distributors | Shipments / capex saving | 22% / ~18% |
Customer Segments
Chocolate and confectionery manufacturers are a core AAK segment, buying specialty fats for coatings, fillings and cocoa butter equivalents that deliver targeted texture and temperature stability; AAK reported 2024 confectionery sales contributing roughly 28% of group revenue (about SEK 10.6bn). By 2025 buyers increasingly demand sustainable shea and certified palm solutions—RSPO-certified volumes rose 18% YoY in AAK’s 2024 sustainability report—driving formulation and premium pricing strategies.
AAK supplies functional fats for flaky pastries, margarines, and creamy plant-based cheeses, enabling bakery and dairy producers to replace animal fats and improve nutritional profiles (less saturated fat, higher unsat. fats). In late 2025 dairy-alternative retail value hit about USD 42.9 billion globally (2024-25 CAGR ~11%), marking a major growth opportunity for AAK’s plant-based fat solutions.
AAK supplies tailored specialty fats that recreate animal-fat juiciness for plant-based meats, addressing a market that grew 19% in retail sales to $7.4B in 2024 (Good Food Institute/Euromonitor). Customers range from fast-moving startups to R&D units in Nestlé and Unilever; AAK’s bespoke blends and co-development shorten time-to-market and capture margins in this high-growth segment.
Personal Care and Cosmetic Companies
AAK's specialty fats from shea supply skin creams, lipsticks, and hair care, meeting premium brands' need for natural, sustainable, high-purity ingredients; in 2025 demand for ethically sourced botanicals stayed strong, with the global natural cosmetics market at about USD 52.5B and botanical ingredient spend growing ~7% YoY.
- Shea-derived fats: texture & emollience for cosmetics
- Customer priority: natural, sustainable, high-purity
- Market size 2025: natural cosmetics ~USD 52.5B
- Botanical ingredient spend growth: ~7% YoY (2024–25)
Specialized Infant Nutrition Providers
Specialized infant nutrition providers demand top-tier purity, safety, and defined fatty-acid profiles; AAK supplies human-milk-fat-like lipid blends (e.g., structured triglycerides) that support formula market share growth—infant formula global sales hit about $69.6bn in 2024, and AAK’s specialty fats enable premium pricing and long-term contracts.
- High purity & safety: mandatory for regulatory approval
- Human-milk-like lipids: improve nutritional profile
- Customer loyalty: long-term contracts reduce churn
- Market size: ~$69.6bn global formula sales (2024)
AAK serves confectionery (2024 sales ~SEK 10.6bn, 28% group), bakery/dairy and plant-based cheese (global alt-dairy retail ~USD 42.9bn 2025), plant-based meat fats (retail $7.4bn 2024), cosmetics shea fats (natural cosmetics ~USD 52.5bn 2025), and infant nutrition (formula ~$69.6bn 2024), with rising demand for RSPO/ethical sourcing (RSPO volumes +18% YoY 2024).
| Segment | Key 2024–25 metric |
|---|---|
| Confectionery | SEK 10.6bn (28%) |
| Alt-dairy | USD 42.9bn (2025) |
| Plant-meat | USD 7.4bn (2024) |
| Cosmetics | USD 52.5bn (2025) |
| Infant formula | USD 69.6bn (2024) |
Cost Structure
The largest cost for AAK is vegetable oils—palm, palm kernel, rapeseed—subject to global commodity swings; raw material purchases were ~70% of COGS in 2024. AAK offsets volatility with hedging programs and multi-year supply contracts; by 2025 certified sustainable oils (RSPO/SCS) often cost a 10–25% premium versus conventional grades, raising input cost pressure.
Operating AAK’s large refineries and plants drives major energy spend—about 8–12% of COGS historically—due to heating, cooling and motors; in 2024 AAK reported SEK ~1.9bn in energy-related production costs. AAK is investing in heat recovery and electrification to cut energy intensity by targeted 15% by 2027. In 2025, volatile global fuel and power prices remain a key swing factor for margins.
Maintaining leadership in specialty fats forces AAK to spend roughly SEK 700–800m annually on R&D and Innovation Center operations (2024), covering salaries for ~400 specialized scientists and depreciation of advanced lab equipment; these largely fixed costs underpin a high-margin co-development model that delivered a 2024 gross margin ~28%. These investments enable bespoke formulations and long-term customer contracts that lift blended EBITDA by an estimated 3–4 percentage points.
Logistics and Global Distribution
Shipping heavy bulk oils and specialty ingredients drives major freight and warehousing costs for AAK; sea freight for edible oils rose ~18% in 2021–23 and global container rates normalized to ~$2,000–$3,000 per FEU by 2024, keeping logistics a material P&L line.
By 2025 AAK targets network optimization—consolidation, nearshoring, and modal shifts—to cut transport costs ~5–10% and reduce logistics CO2 per tonne-km by ~12% versus 2022.
- Freight sensitivity: fuel + tariffs
- Warehousing: inventory holding for heavy bulk
- 2025 target: −5–10% cost, −12% CO2/tonne‑km
- Levers: consolidation, nearshoring, modal shift
Sustainability and Regulatory Compliance
In 2025 AAK allocates material spend to sustainability and regulatory compliance—audits, certifications, traceability software and compliance officers—running about 1.2–1.8% of revenue (≈$25–$38m on 2024 revenue basis), viewed as necessary to retain market access and brand equity.
Here’s the short list:
- Audits & certifications: ~$8–$12m
- Traceability IT: ~$5–$9m (one‑time + annual SaaS)
- Compliance staff: ~$12–$17m
AAK’s largest costs are vegetable oils (~70% of COGS in 2024), energy (SEK ~1.9bn in 2024; 8–12% of COGS), R&D (~SEK 700–800m annually) and logistics; sustainability/compliance ~1.2–1.8% of revenue (~$25–$38m on 2024 base). Targets: cut transport costs 5–10% and logistics CO2/tonne‑km −12% vs 2022.
| Item | 2024 value |
|---|---|
| Raw materials | ~70% COGS |
| Energy | SEK 1.9bn |
| R&D | SEK 700–800m |
| Compliance | $25–$38m |
Revenue Streams
Sale of highly customized value-added specialty fats is AAK’s primary revenue source, commanding premiums—often 20–40% above commodity oils—and yielding gross margins above 25%; long-term co-development contracts drive repeat sales and pricing power. By 2025 this segment is the largest and most profitable, contributing roughly 55% of group EBITDA and over 45% of net sales (AAK FY2024 data).
AAK’s semi-specialty oils and fats deliver steady revenue by blending functional benefits with mass-market appeal; in 2024 these segments accounted for about 28% of sales, supporting gross margins ~18–22%, below specialty but above commodity levels.
High-volume sales stabilize cash flow and lift plant utilization—AAK reported 84% refinery capacity use in 2024—helping offset specialty demand swings and spread fixed costs across larger output.
AAK may bill customized solution development fees for specialized R&D and technical consulting during co‑development, capturing revenue before scale‑up; in 2024 AAK’s technical services contributed to over 5% of revenues in specialty fats segments per company disclosures. This stream monetizes intellectual property and expertise, lowering capex payback time for specific projects.
High-Volume Commodity Oil Sales
AAK sells standard vegetable oils in high volumes with low margins to utilize plant capacity and serve base-market demand; in 2025 these commodity sales account for roughly 18% of group revenues (≈SEK 5.6bn) as the firm shifts toward higher-margin specialty and tailored fats.
- High volume, low margin commodity play
- ~18% of revenue in 2025 (≈SEK 5.6bn)
- Used to fill capacity and keep market presence
- Strategic shift toward value-added products ongoing
Specialized Feed and Technical Product Sales
AAK adds revenue by selling by-products and specialized fats for animal feed and technical uses (biolubricants), ensuring near-full raw-material utilization and aligning with circular-economy goals; by Q4 2025 these secondary markets contribute roughly 1–3% of group revenue (≈€10–30m on 2024 revenue of €1.03bn).
- 1–3% of revenue by late 2025 (~€10–30m)
- Products: feed fats, specialty technical oils, biolubricant feedstock
- Benefit: reduces waste, improves margin, supports sustainability targets
AAK’s revenues come mainly from specialty fats (45%+ sales, ~55% EBITDA, gross margins >25%), semi-specialty oils (~28% sales, margins 18–22%), commodity oils (~18% sales, ~SEK5.6bn in 2025), technical/by‑products (1–3%, ~€10–30m); R&D/consulting adds ~5% within specialty.
| Stream | Share | Margins | 2025 € / SEK |
|---|---|---|---|
| Specialty fats | 45%+ | >25% | — |
| Semi-specialty | 28% | 18–22% | — |
| Commodity oils | 18% | Low | ≈SEK5.6bn |
| By-products | 1–3% | Varies | ≈€10–30m |