{"product_id":"sparknz-pestle-analysis","title":"Spark New Zealand PESTLE Analysis","description":"\u003cdiv class=\"pr-shrt-dscr-wrapper orange\"\u003e\n\u003csection class=\"pr-shrt-dscr-box\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"pr-shrt-dscr-icon\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/GENERAL-Magnifier-Icon.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003ePlan Smarter. Present Sharper. Compete Stronger.\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"pr-shrt-dscr-content\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDiscover how regulatory shifts, economic pressures, and rapid tech innovation are reshaping Spark New Zealand’s strategy and growth outlook—our concise PESTLE snapshot highlights key external risks and opportunities to inform smarter decisions. Purchase the full, fully-researched PESTLE analysis for actionable insights, editable formats, and immediate download to strengthen your investment thesis or strategic plan.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/section\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"container_new_design\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"text-section text-1_new_design\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"frst_big_letter_heading\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"frst_big_letter_letter green\"\u003eP\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"frst_big_letter_text\"\u003eolitical factors\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"sub-highlight-wrapper green\"\u003e\n\u003csection class=\"sub-highlight-box\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"sub-highlight-icon\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/PESTLE-Content-Political-Box-Icon-Color-1.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eGovernment Digital Strategy Alignment\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"sub-highlight-content\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe New Zealand government’s digital-first agenda drives GDP productivity goals and Spark aligns capex to capture public-sector demand, allocating NZD 120m–150m annually toward enterprise and government solutions through 2024–25.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAligning investments has helped Spark secure large contracts, benefiting from the state’s NZD 1.2bn+ planned spend in digital health and NZD 800m+ in education tech to 2025. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis close alignment reduces revenue volatility from consumer cycles and positions Spark to leverage expected public-sector ICT growth of ~6–8% CAGR to 2025.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/section\u003e\n\u003csection class=\"sub-highlight-box\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"sub-highlight-icon\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/PESTLE-Content-Political-Box-Icon-Color-1.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eGeopolitical Supply Chain Security\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"sub-highlight-content\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOngoing Indo-Pacific tensions shape Spark New Zealand’s vendor selection for critical telco infrastructure, with NZ’s 2024 Telecommunications Act tightening controls on high-risk suppliers; Spark reported NZD 1.9bn capex in FY2024, driving prioritized spend on vetted Western-aligned vendors to protect the 5G core. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/section\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"image-section image-1_new_design\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/PESTLE-Content-Political-Image.svg\" alt=\"Explore a Preview\"\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003csection class=\"highlight-box\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight-icon\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/PESTLE-Content-Political-Box-Icon-Color-1.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eRural Connectivity Policy\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight-content\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePolitical pressure to bridge the urban-rural digital divide forces Spark to prioritize rural rollouts; as of 2025 Spark reports ~12% of fixed wireless\/broadband connections serve rural areas, supported by NZ$1.2bn government Rural Broadband Initiative co-funding to 2024. Subsidies and public-private partnerships mandate service SLAs in low-density zones, with funding and project timing often aligned to election cycles and regional development budgets.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/section\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product-green-section\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product-box-green-section4\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"title-row-green-section\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/PESTLE-Content-Political-Box-Icon-Color-2.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eCybersecurity National Frameworks\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"content-row-green-section blur_box\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe New Zealand government has ramped up focus on resilience against state-sponsored cyber threats and large-scale breaches, allocating NZD 1.9 billion to national cyber initiatives through 2025 and expanding the National Cyber Security Centre’s remit.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSpark is a designated partner with the Centre, responsible for protecting critical domestic infrastructure and coordinating incident response across telecommunications networks serving over 1.6 million broadband customers.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCompliance with evolving standards such as the updated Protective Security Requirements and mandatory reporting under the Privacy Act is required to retain Spark’s trusted primary service provider status and avoid regulatory penalties up to NZD 1 million-plus.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul class=\"lst_crct\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNZD 1.9bn national cyber funding through 2025; Spark serves 1.6m+ broadband customers; regulatory fines exceed NZD 1m for major breaches\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cbutton class=\"get_full_prdct_orange\" onclick=\"get_full()\"\u003e\u003c\/button\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product-box-green-section4\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"title-row-green-section\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/PESTLE-Content-Political-Box-Icon-Color-2.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eInternational Trade Agreements\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"content-row-green-section blur_box\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNew Zealand’s inclusion of digital trade chapters in FTAs, like the CPTPP and recent Pacific agreements, facilitates Spark’s cross-border data flows that support its $1.8bn FY2025 international services exposure and roaming revenue streams.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese chapters shape rules for data localization and transit, directly affecting Spark’s wholesale data transit margins and international roaming costs, which represented ~6% of group revenue in 2024.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"lst_crct\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEnables cross-border data flow for $1.8bn international services exposure\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eInfluences data localization and transit compliance costs\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eImpacts wholesale transit margins and ~6% roaming revenue share\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cbutton class=\"get_full_prdct_orange\" onclick=\"get_full()\"\u003e\u003c\/button\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003csection class=\"highlight-box\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight-icon\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/PESTLE-Content-Political-Box-Icon-Color-1.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eNZ digital spend and cyber boost reshape Spark capex, rural rollout and vendor rules\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight-content\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGovernment digital-first spending (NZD 1.2bn+ health, NZD 800m+ education to 2025) and NZD 1.9bn national cyber funding bolster Spark’s NZD 1.9bn FY2024 capex and 1.6m+ broadband customers, while Telecoms Act controls on high‑risk vendors and rural co‑funding (NZD 1.2bn RBI) shape vendor selection, rural rollout priorities, and compliance costs (breach fines \u0026gt;NZD1m).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ctable class=\"tbl_prdct green_head blur_tbl\"\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eMetric\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eValue\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eGovt digital health spend\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eNZD 1.2bn+\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eEducation tech\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eNZD 800m+\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eNational cyber funding\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eNZD 1.9bn\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eSpark FY2024 capex\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eNZD 1.9bn\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eRBI co‑funding\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eNZD 1.2bn\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eSpark broadband customers\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e1.6m+\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eRegulatory fines\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026gt;NZD 1m\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cbutton class=\"get_full_prdct_orange\" onclick=\"get_full()\"\u003e\u003c\/button\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/section\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product-includes\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eWhat is included in the product\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product-box-includes\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"title-row-includes\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/GENERAL-Word-Icon.svg\" alt=\"Word Icon\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eDetailed Word Document\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"content-row-includes\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExplores how macro-environmental factors uniquely affect Spark New Zealand across Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental, and Legal dimensions, with data-driven trends and forward-looking insights to identify risks and opportunities for executives, consultants, and investors.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"plus-icon\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/GENERAL-Plus-Icon.svg\" alt=\"Plus Icon\"\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product-box-includes\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"title-row-includes\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/GENERAL-Excel-Icon.svg\" alt=\"Excel Icon\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eCustomizable Excel Spreadsheet\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"content-row-includes\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVisually segmented by PESTLE categories for Spark New Zealand, enabling quick interpretation at a glance to streamline board discussions and strategy workshops.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"container_new_design\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"text-section text-2_new_design\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"frst_big_letter_heading\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"frst_big_letter_letter orange\"\u003eE\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"frst_big_letter_text\"\u003economic factors\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"sub-highlight-wrapper orange\"\u003e\n\u003csection class=\"sub-highlight-box\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"sub-highlight-icon\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/PESTLE-Content-Economic-Box-Icon-Color-1.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eInterest Rate and Capital Cost\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"sub-highlight-content\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs of Q4 2025 Spark faces higher capital costs after NZ OCR peaked at 5.5% in 2024 and settled around 5.0% in late 2025, raising average borrowing costs; this materially affects funding for data centers estimated at NZD 200–300m each. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/section\u003e\n\u003csection class=\"sub-highlight-box\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"sub-highlight-icon\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/PESTLE-Content-Economic-Box-Icon-Color-1.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eConsumer Discretionary Spending Trends\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"sub-highlight-content\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRising inflation—annual CPI at 4.7% in 2024—has pressured NZ households, reducing demand for premium mobile plans and high-end entertainment bundles, with many consumers downgrading to smaller data packages; Spark reported ARPU decline of around 1.5% YoY in H1 2025, intensifying focus on retention. Spark offsets churn by promoting value-added services and loyalty programs—postpaid retention offers and digital content bundles—supporting high-value customer retention amid tighter consumer budgets.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/section\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"image-section image-2_new_design\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/PESTLE-Content-Economic-Image.svg\" alt=\"Explore a Preview\"\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003csection class=\"highlight-box\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight-icon\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/PESTLE-Content-Economic-Box-Icon-Color-1.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eInfrastructure Labor Market Dynamics\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight-content\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe telecom sector faces fierce competition for software engineers and network architects, with New Zealand tech salaries rising ~6.5% YoY in 2024 and median developer pay near NZD 110k, pressuring Spark’s payroll. High wage growth increased Spark’s employee expenses by ~4% in FY2024, prompting CAD-led automation and network orchestration investments to contain OPEX. Attracting and retaining skilled staff remains a key economic hurdle to sustain service quality and reduce churn.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/section\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product-orange-section\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product-box-orange-section4\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"title-row-orange-section\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/PESTLE-Content-Economic-Box-Icon-Color-2.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eCurrency Exchange Rate Volatility\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"content-row-orange-section blur_box\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSpark's procurement of devices and network gear is exposed to NZD\/USD moves; a 10% NZD weakening vs USD in 2024 would raise import costs materially, contributing to margin pressure on mobile device sales and capex for 5G upgrades where FY25 vendor invoices often denominated in USD.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHedging programs cover portions of FX exposure, but multi-year NZD depreciation trends set baseline hardware pricing—Spark reported FX hedges reducing volatility impact in FY24, while a 6% average NZD slide in 2023–24 still tightened gross margins.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul class=\"lst_crct\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e10% NZD weakness raises import cost exposure\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFY24 hedges reduced volatility but 6% NZD slide 2023–24 tightened margins\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLong-term NZD trend dictates hardware pricing and capex planning\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cbutton class=\"get_full_prdct_green\" onclick=\"get_full()\"\u003e\u003c\/button\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product-box-orange-section4\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"title-row-orange-section\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/PESTLE-Content-Economic-Box-Icon-Color-2.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eData Center Market Growth\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"content-row-orange-section blur_box\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe surge in cloud and generative AI demand has made data centers a high-growth engine for Spark, with NZ data centre capacity expanding ~20% year-on-year and global hyperscaler demand up ~30% in 2024.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSpark’s strategic investments in large-scale facilities target local firms and international hyperscalers, supporting multi-year contracts and utilization rates above 70%.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis diversification yields stable, recurring revenue — data centre services now contribute an estimated NZD 120–150m annually, less sensitive to retail cycles.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul class=\"lst_crct\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCapacity growth ~20% YoY (NZ, 2024)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHyperscaler demand +30% (global, 2024)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUtilization \u0026gt;70%\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEstimated revenue NZD 120–150m annually\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cbutton class=\"get_full_prdct_green\" onclick=\"get_full()\"\u003e\u003c\/button\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003csection class=\"highlight-box\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight-icon\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/PESTLE-Content-Economic-Box-Icon-Color-1.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eHigher OCR, squeezed ARPU and rising data‑centre capacity reshape NZ telecom margins\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight-content\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHigher OCR (~5.0% in late 2025) raised borrowing costs; FY24 employee costs +4% and ARPU -1.5% YoY in H1 2025 reflect consumer pressure; NZD weakened ~6% in 2023–24, 10% moves materially affect device\/imported capex; NZ data‑centre capacity +20% (2024) with estimated revenue NZD 120–150m and \u0026gt;70% utilization.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ctable class=\"tbl_prdct green_head blur_tbl\"\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eMetric\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eValue\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eOCR\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e~5.0%\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eARPU change\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e-1.5% YoY\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eEmployee cost growth FY24\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e+4%\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eNZD slide 2023–24\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e~6%\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eData‑centre rev\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eNZD 120–150m\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eDC capacity growth\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e+20% YoY\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cbutton class=\"get_full_prdct_green\" onclick=\"get_full()\"\u003e\u003c\/button\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/section\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"container_new_design\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"text-section text-1_new_design\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color: #3BB77E;\"\u003ePreview Before You Purchase\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003eSpark New Zealand PESTLE Analysis\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe preview shown here is the exact Spark New Zealand PESTLE document you’ll receive after purchase—fully formatted, professionally structured, and ready to use.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"image-section image-1_new_design\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/GENERAL-Explore-Preview.svg\" alt=\"Explore a Preview\"\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"MatrixBCG","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":56752112173433,"sku":"sparknz-pestle-analysis","price":10.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0911\/3554\/1625\/files\/sparknz-pestle-analysis.png?v=1772237808","url":"https:\/\/matrixbcg.com\/products\/sparknz-pestle-analysis","provider":"MatrixBCG","version":"1.0","type":"link"}