{"product_id":"edf-five-forces-analysis","title":"EDF Porter's Five Forces Analysis","description":"\u003cdiv class=\"pr-shrt-dscr-wrapper orange\"\u003e\n\u003csection class=\"pr-shrt-dscr-box\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"pr-shrt-dscr-icon\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/GENERAL-Magnifier-Icon.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eElevate Your Analysis with the Complete Porter's Five Forces Analysis\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"pr-shrt-dscr-content\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEDF faces complex competitive dynamics—from regulated utility pressures and strong supplier relationships to rising threats from renewables and evolving customer expectations—shaping strategy and margins.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/section\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"container_new_design\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"text-section text-1_new_design\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"frst_big_letter_heading\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"frst_big_letter_letter green\"\u003eS\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"frst_big_letter_text\"\u003euppliers Bargaining Power\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"sub-highlight-wrapper green\"\u003e\n\u003csection class=\"sub-highlight-box\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"sub-highlight-icon\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/5FORCES-Content-Suppliers-Box-Icon-Color-1.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eNuclear Fuel Chain Concentration\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"sub-highlight-content\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe global nuclear fuel chain is highly concentrated: in 2024 the top five uranium producers (Kazatomprom, Cameco, Orano, Rio Tinto, CNNC) supplied over 70% of mined uranium, and enrichment services are dominated by state-backed firms in Russia, China, and France. EDF, with Europe's largest nuclear fleet (56 GW operational in 2025), depends on imports from Kazakhstan, Canada, and Australia, creating strategic exposure. Long-term contracts cover much demand, but a 2025 supply shock or geopolitical tension could raise fuel costs by an estimated 10–20% and force costly reactor allocation or market purchases.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/section\u003e\n\u003csection class=\"sub-highlight-box\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"sub-highlight-icon\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/5FORCES-Content-Suppliers-Box-Icon-Color-1.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSpecialized Engineering and Technical Expertise\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"sub-highlight-content\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMaintenance and construction of EPR reactors need rare engineering services and components few firms supply; even after EDF fully integrated Framatome (2017 acquisition completed, 2024 revenue for Framatome ~€3.8bn), EDF still depends on third-party vendors for high‑tech sensors and heavy forgings, sourced from ~5 specialized global suppliers, giving these suppliers moderate leverage during life‑extension programs affecting ~56 reactors and €20–30bn capex through 2035.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/section\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"image-section image-1_new_design\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/5FORCES-Content-Suppliers-Image.svg\" alt=\"Explore a Preview\"\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003csection class=\"highlight-box\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight-icon\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/5FORCES-Content-Suppliers-Box-Icon-Color-1.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eLabor Union Influence and Specialized Workforce\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight-content\"\u003e\n\u003cpthe french energy sector features powerful labor unions cfdt and fo secured a average wage rise in for utility workers raising edf operating costs.\u003e\u003cpdemand for nuclear engineers outstrips supply: france had a shortfall in certified technicians pushing wage premiums and strengthening worker leverage.\u003e\u003cpstrikes in caused roughly twh lost generation annually costing edf an estimated million per year revenue and reserve costs so supplier-side labor risk directly hits reliability cash flow.\u003e\n\u003c\/pstrikes\u003e\u003c\/pdemand\u003e\u003c\/pthe\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/section\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product-green-section\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product-box-green-section4\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"title-row-green-section\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/5FORCES-Content-Suppliers-Box-Icon-Color-2.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eVolatility in Raw Construction Materials\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"content-row-green-section blur_box\"\u003e\n\u003cpedf faces raw-material price swings up and copper from by global infrastructure demand green policies raising procurement risk on renewables new nuclear.\u003e\u003cpedf must hedge and negotiate long-term contracts to avoid epc cost overruns after saw cement-related specialty prices rise increasing typical project capex uncertainty by\u003e5%.\u003cul class=\"lst_crct\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSteel +18% (2020–2025)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCopper +24% (2020–2025)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSpecialized cement +15% (2023)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCAPEX uncertainty \u0026gt;5%\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/pedf\u003e\u003c\/pedf\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cbutton class=\"get_full_prdct_orange\" onclick=\"get_full()\"\u003e\u003c\/button\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product-box-green-section4\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"title-row-green-section\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/5FORCES-Content-Suppliers-Box-Icon-Color-2.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eFossil Fuel Procurement for Peak Demand\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"content-row-green-section blur_box\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEDF runs gas-fired plants for peak demand and grid stability despite its nuclear base; in 2024 thermal generation accounted for about 15% of EDF Group output, mainly gas peakers.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEuropean gas suppliers hold pricing power in winter—TTF monthly futures spiked to ~€60\/MWh in Jan 2024—raising EDF’s fuel costs and compressing margins on thermal units.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEDF must hedge and optimize dispatch to protect profitability while cutting emissions to meet its 2035 decarbonization targets; in 2024 EDF invested ~€1.5bn in gas-to-renewables switching.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul class=\"lst_crct\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThermal ≈15% of output (2024)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTTF winter peak ≈€60\/MWh (Jan 2024)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e€1.5bn 2024 investment in gas-to-renewables\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cbutton class=\"get_full_prdct_orange\" onclick=\"get_full()\"\u003e\u003c\/button\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003csection class=\"highlight-box\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight-icon\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/5FORCES-Content-Suppliers-Box-Icon-Color-1.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSupply bottlenecks, rising wages and tech shortages threaten EDF's nuclear output and costs\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight-content\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSuppliers hold moderate-to-high power: top 5 uranium miners \u0026gt;70% (2024), enrichment dominated by state firms, EDF nuclear fleet 56 GW (2025) relies on imports; specialized reactor parts from ~5 suppliers raise capex risk (€20–30bn to 2035). Labor unions won 6.8% wage rise (2024–25); 22% technician shortfall (2025) inflates wages 12–18% and caused ~4.5 TWh lost\/yr (2023–25).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ctable class=\"tbl_prdct green_head blur_tbl\"\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eMetric\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eValue\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eUranium top‑5 share (2024)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026gt;70%\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eEDF nuclear capacity (2025)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e56 GW\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eTechnician shortfall (2025)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e22%\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eWage rise (2024–25)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e6.8%\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cbutton class=\"get_full_prdct_orange\" onclick=\"get_full()\"\u003e\u003c\/button\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/section\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product-includes\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eWhat is included in the product\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product-box-includes\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"title-row-includes\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/GENERAL-Word-Icon.svg\" alt=\"Word Icon\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eDetailed Word Document\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"content-row-includes\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTailored exclusively for EDF, this Porter's Five Forces analysis uncovers key competitive drivers, supplier and buyer power, barriers to entry, and substitutes, identifying disruptive threats and strategic levers that impact pricing, profitability, and market share.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"plus-icon\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/GENERAL-Plus-Icon.svg\" alt=\"Plus Icon\"\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product-box-includes\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"title-row-includes\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/GENERAL-Excel-Icon.svg\" alt=\"Excel Icon\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eCustomizable Excel Spreadsheet\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"content-row-includes\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA concise Porter's Five Forces one-sheet for EDF—quickly spot where competitive pressure hurts margins and prioritize relief strategies like supplier consolidation or regulatory engagement.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"container_new_design\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"text-section text-2_new_design\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"frst_big_letter_heading\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"frst_big_letter_letter orange\"\u003eC\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"frst_big_letter_text\"\u003eustomers Bargaining Power\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"sub-highlight-wrapper orange\"\u003e\n\u003csection class=\"sub-highlight-box\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"sub-highlight-icon\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/5FORCES-Content-Customers-Cart-Icon-Color-1.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eState-Regulated Retail Tariffs\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"sub-highlight-content\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn France the government sets regulated retail electricity tariffs to protect household purchasing power, capping prices for about 25 million regulated customers; this limits EDF’s ability to pass on higher fuel or operating costs. By end-2025 these caps compress residential margins—EDF reported regulated sales roughly €20–22 billion annually (2024 figures) so even small tariff freezes shave percentage points off EBITDA. What this hides: exposure to volatility in wholesale and nuclear maintenance costs.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/section\u003e\n\u003csection class=\"sub-highlight-box\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"sub-highlight-icon\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/5FORCES-Content-Customers-Cart-Icon-Color-1.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eIndustrial Power Purchase Agreements\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"sub-highlight-content\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLarge industrial customers wield strong bargaining power: in 2024 global corporate PPA volume hit ~43 GW, so EDF faces tough negotiation vs buyers who can sign long-term PPAs or switch suppliers; many (top 500 industrials) invest in on-site generation—captive solar\/wind or gas—or demand-response to cut costs, lowering average load by ~5–12%. To keep them, EDF must match market PPA rates (often below regional LMPs) and offer bespoke energy-management and financing.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/section\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"image-section image-2_new_design\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/5FORCES-Content-Customers-Image.svg\" alt=\"Explore a Preview\"\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003csection class=\"highlight-box\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight-icon\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/5FORCES-Content-Customers-Cart-Icon-Color-1.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eRetail Market Competition and Switching Costs\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight-content\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe liberalization of the EU retail energy market cut switching barriers; EU-wide switching rates hit 12% in 2023 and 14% in France for small customers in 2024, so residential and small-business clients move suppliers easily.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDigital-first challengers use sub-€30 acquisition promos and instant onboarding apps; aggressive pricing pressures average residential tariffs down ~4% Y\/Y in 2024, raising churn risk.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEDF must spend more on service and loyalty: EDF Group reported €1.2bn in customer-related OPEX in 2024 and launched retention offers to curb churn, or face continued margin erosion.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/section\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product-orange-section\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product-box-orange-section4\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"title-row-orange-section\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/5FORCES-Content-Customers-Cart-Icon-Color-2.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eEnergy Efficiency and Self-Generation Trends\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"content-row-orange-section blur_box\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResidential solar and efficiency cut EDF's retail volumes; by 2025 prosumers (households that produce electricity) reduced peak grid draw by about 4–6% in France, and rooftop PV capacity hit ~18 GW (CRE data).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEDF must shift from selling kilowatt-hours to selling grid services, storage, demand response, and subscription models to protect margin as volumetric sales decline.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul class=\"lst_crct\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eProsumers: ~2.5 million French homes with PV by 2025\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRooftop PV: ~18 GW installed (2025)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVolume impact: ~4–6% peak demand reduction\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eStrategy: pivot to services, storage, demand-response\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cbutton class=\"get_full_prdct_green\" onclick=\"get_full()\"\u003e\u003c\/button\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product-box-orange-section4\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"title-row-orange-section\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/5FORCES-Content-Customers-Cart-Icon-Color-2.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003ePublic Service Obligations and Universal Access\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"content-row-orange-section blur_box\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs a state-backed utility, EDF must provide universal electricity access, legally restricting customer selection and forcing service to low-profit and remote areas where delivery costs often exceed revenue; in 2024 EDF reported 8% of grid costs attributed to social tariffs and rural subsidies.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese public service obligations convert consumers into indirect powerholders: collective demand influences tariff-setting, regulation, and government support—France’s CRE approved a 2025 residential tariff freeze impacting EDF’s margins by an estimated €900m.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul class=\"lst_crct\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMandatory universal service limits customer selectivity\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eService to loss-making areas raises operating costs (8% grid cost, 2024)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eConsumers exert political\/regulatory leverage\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e2025 tariff freeze cut EDF margins ~€900m\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cbutton class=\"get_full_prdct_green\" onclick=\"get_full()\"\u003e\u003c\/button\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003csection class=\"highlight-box\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight-icon\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/5FORCES-Content-Customers-Cart-Icon-Color-1.svg\" alt=\"Icon\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eRegulated caps, rising prosumers and PPAs squeeze EDF margins—pivot to services \u0026amp; storage\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight-content\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCustomers hold high bargaining power: regulated residential caps (≈€20–22bn regulated sales, 2024) and a 2025 tariff freeze (~€900m margin hit) limit pass-through; industrials shift to PPAs (~43GW global 2024) or on-site generation, cutting load 5–12%; switching rates rose to 14% (France, 2024); prosumers (~2.5m homes, 18GW PV by 2025) cut peak demand 4–6%, forcing EDF to pivot to services and storage.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ctable class=\"tbl_prdct green_head blur_tbl\"\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eMetric\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eValue\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eRegulated sales (2024)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e€20–22bn\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e2025 tariff freeze impact\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e≈€900m\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eIndustrial PPA volume (2024)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e~43GW\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eRooftop PV (2025)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e~18GW\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eProsumers (2025)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e~2.5m homes\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cbutton class=\"get_full_prdct_green\" onclick=\"get_full()\"\u003e\u003c\/button\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/section\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"container_new_design\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"text-section text-1_new_design\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color: #3BB77E;\"\u003eWhat You See Is What You Get\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003eEDF Porter's Five Forces Analysis\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis preview shows the exact EDF Porter's Five Forces analysis you'll receive immediately after purchase—no placeholders or samples, fully formatted and ready for use.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe document displayed is the same professionally written file available for instant download upon payment, containing complete insights on competitive rivalry, supplier and buyer power, threats of entry and substitution.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"image-section image-1_new_design\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"\/cdn\/shop\/files\/GENERAL-Explore-Preview.svg\" alt=\"Explore a Preview\"\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"MatrixBCG","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":56747091558777,"sku":"edf-five-forces-analysis","price":10.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0911\/3554\/1625\/files\/edf-five-forces-analysis.png?v=1772194913","url":"https:\/\/matrixbcg.com\/products\/edf-five-forces-analysis","provider":"MatrixBCG","version":"1.0","type":"link"}